课程简介Overview and Textbooks
- 已发现的系外行星有6000余颗（NASA Exoplanet Archive）。
- 行星形成是一门被观测推动的理论。
- 过去十五年里，ALMA、JWST 和凌星巡天（KEPLER, K2, TESS等）把这门学科推到了必须对上千个系统负责的地步。
- 本课程按照物理过程组织：（1）建立盘的结构与演化，（2）再处理固体的输运与聚集，（3）最后才谈行星本身的生长、迁移与系统结构。
- We now know of more than 6,000 exoplanets (NASA Exoplanet Archive), transforming planet formation from a largely theoretical subject into one that can be tested against a vast and rapidly growing observational data set.
- Over the past fifteen years, facilities and surveys such as ALMA, JWST, Kepler, K2, and TESS have dramatically expanded the empirical basis of the field. Instead of explaining only the Solar System and a handful of known planetary systems, theories of planet formation must now account for the properties and architectures of thousands of exoplanetary systems.
- This course follows the physical processes that connect protoplanetary disks to mature planetary systems. We begin with the structure and evolution of protoplanetary disks, then examine how solid particles grow, concentrate, and form planetesimals. We finally consider the growth of planetary cores and atmospheres, planet–disk interactions and migration, and the dynamical processes that shape the planetary architectures observed today.
COVER · ISBN 978-1-108-42050-1
封面图需联网加载cover loads from the publisher
assets.cambridge.org
教材 1：P. J. Armitage, Astrophysics of Planet Formation, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press (2020)。该书为版权教材，免费下载？
教材 2：P. J. Armitage, Physical Processes in Protoplanetary Disks，arXiv:1509.06382，可免费下载。
Textbook1: P. J. Armitage, Astrophysics of Planet Formation, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press (2020). The book is under copyright and not available for free download; read it through the library's Cambridge Core subscription.
Textbook2: P. J. Armitage, Physical Processes in Protoplanetary Disks, arXiv:1509.06382.
大纲Lectures
课程大纲与总览Course overview
总览课程大纲，介绍课程内容、时间线、考核方式等。
An introduction to the scope and structure of the course: how the semester is organized, the key physical stages of planet formation.
原行星盘 Protoplanetary disks
盘的结构和演化，物理、化学过程。观测：ALMA，JWST。
Disk structure and evolution. Vertical hydrostatic equilibrium, h = cs/Ω and the Gaussian profile; sub-Keplerian rotation. Passive irradiated disks: flaring, the Chiang–Goldreich two-layer model; viscously heated disks; ice lines as thermodynamic landmarks. Angular momentum transport and the accretion history of a disk. Disk chemistry. What ALMA and JWST actually measure, and what they do not.
教材2Textbook2 §3–5
国庆节放假。National Day holiday.
尘埃动力学和演化Dust dynamics and evolution
Epstein drag 与 Stokes 数，竖直沉降与扩散平衡，径向漂移，Nakagawa–Sekiya–Hayashi 平衡解。
Drag regimes (Epstein, Stokes) and the Stokes number. Vertical settling against turbulent diffusion, and the settling–stirring equilibrium. Radial drift: the Weidenschilling problem and the drift barrier. The Nakagawa–Sekiya–Hayashi equilibrium solution. Particle pile-ups, and the observational signatures of drift and grain growth.
教材2Textbook2 §7.1–7.2
星子的形成Planetesimal formation
coagulation - fragmentation equilibrium，压强与尘埃陷阱，流不稳定性。引力坍缩与初始星子质量函数，与小行星带和柯伊伯带的比较。
Collisional coagulation; the bouncing and fragmentation barriers. Pressure maxima and particle traps. The streaming instability: mechanism, linear criterion, numerical results. Gravitational collapse of pebble clouds and the initial planetesimal mass function; comparison with the asteroid and Kuiper belts.
教材2Textbook2 §7.3, §8
卵石吸积Pebble accretion
气动耦合固体的吸积：Bondi 与 Hill 区、吸积率、卵石隔离质量。与星子吸积的比较。对木星形成与太阳系同位素二分性的意义。
Accretion of aerodynamically coupled solids: the Bondi and Hill regimes, accretion rates, the pebble isolation mass. Comparison with planetesimal accretion. Global pebble flux and drift-limited core growth. Implications for the formation of Jupiter and for the Solar System's isotopic dichotomy.
巨行星的形成Giant planet formation
核吸积：临界核质量、Kelvin–Helmholtz 阶段与失控气体吸积。引力不稳定路线：冷却判据、碎裂半径。二者与观测到的巨行星族的对照。
Core accretion: the structure of an accreting envelope, the critical core mass, the Kelvin–Helmholtz phase and runaway gas accretion. The gravitational-instability route: cooling criteria, fragmentation radii, and what GI can and cannot produce. Confronting both with the observed giant-planet population.
行星–盘相互作用与迁移Planet–disk interaction and migration
共振力矩：Lindblad 与共转。I 型迁移及其符号；饱和、热力矩与动力学力矩。开缝与 II 型迁移。III 型／失控迁移。偏心率与倾角的阻尼。共振俘获与共振链；用迁移解释热木星、共振超级地球系统与盘的子结构。
Resonant torques: Lindblad and corotation. Type I migration; saturation, thermal and dynamical torques. Gap opening and Type II migration. Type III / runaway migration. Eccentricity and inclination damping. Resonant capture and chains; migration as an explanation for hot Jupiters, resonant super-Earth systems, and disk substructure.
教材2Textbook2 §8
盘的耗散与成熟行星系统Disk dispersal and mature planetary systems
盘的耗散：光致蒸发（EUV/FUV/X 射线）与 MHD 风。动力学不稳定、高偏心迁移、潮汐。大气逃逸，碎屑盘与小行星带。
Disk dispersal: photoevaporation (EUV/FUV/X-ray) and MHD winds; two-timescale evolution and transition disks. What happens once the gas is gone: dynamical instability, high-eccentricity migration, tides. Atmospheric mass loss and the radius valley. Debris disks and the asteroid belt as fossil records.
教材2Textbook2 §9
考核方式（考察）Grading
出勤率Participation
上课，积极思考。
Show up, stay engaged, and think along with us during class.
作业 或 随堂练习Homework or quiz
AI在行星科学中的运用。鼓励讨论，禁止抄袭。一但发现，抄袭和被抄袭同学成绩都记作不通过。
Three problem sets focused on applications of AI in planetary science. You are encouraged to discuss the problems with your classmates. Plagiarism or unauthorized copying will result in a failing grade for all students involved, including both the student who copied and the student whose work was copied.
期末项目Final project
30 分钟口头报告：
对行星形成中的物理过程进行介绍。题目由任课教师给定，课程过半后抽签选择。
A 30-minute presentation on a selected physical process in planet formation. Topics will be chosen by the instructor, and each student will draw a topic at midterm.
参考文献Reading
综述Review articles
- Kley & Nelson (2012), ARA&A 50, 211 — 行星–盘相互作用planet–disk interaction. doi
- Andrews (2020), ARA&A 58, 483 — 原行星盘结构的观测observations of disk structure. doi
- Zhu & Dong (2021), ARA&A 59, 291 — 系外行星统计及其理论含义exoplanet statistics and their theoretical implications. doi
- Öberg & Bergin (2021), Physics Reports — 行星形成的天体化学astrochemistry of planet formation. doi
- Manara et al. (2023), Protostars and Planets VII — 年轻恒星与盘的族群统计demographics of young stars and their disks. arXiv:2203.09930
- Lesur et al. (2023), Protostars and Planets VII — 盘中的湍流、盘风与角动量输运turbulence, winds and angular momentum transport. arXiv:2203.09821
- Drążkowska et al. (2023), Protostars and Planets VII — 从尘埃到行星from dust to planets. arXiv:2203.09759
检索工具Where to look things up
- NASA ADS — 天文文献检索的标准入口。the standard literature database for astronomy and astrophysics.
- arXiv astro-ph.EP — 地球与行星科学文献，每日更新。the Earth and Planetary Astrophysics section of arXiv, updated daily with new preprints.
- alphaXiv — 架在arXiv之上的第三方论文阅读与讨论平台。a platform for reading and discussing arXiv papers, with AI-assisted reading.